Forming Independent Christian Learners: The Role of Teacher Competence and Professional Ethics in Christian Religious Education at SD Negeri 122391 Kota Pematangsiantar

Abstract

Christian Religious Education (Pendidikan Agama Kristen, PAK) holds a strategic role in Indonesia’s pluralistic education system, not merely as a legal obligation but as a theological ministry of holistic formation. Unlike subjects centered only on knowledge transfer, PAK integrates faith, moral character, and Christ-centered values, highlighting teaching as a divine vocation (vocatio). This study explores how vocational-spiritual competence is practiced by PAK teachers in a plural school context. A qualitative descriptive theological design was employed to integrate lived educational practice with theological reflection. Participants included two experienced PAK teachers, one school principal, and six Christian students at SDN 163097 Tebingtinggi. Data collection combined semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis of lesson plans, regulations, and worship notes. Thematic analysis was conducted, with triangulation to ensure validity. Findings revealed that PAK teachers perceived their role as a ministry of divine calling, emphasizing faith formation through prayer, Scripture, and worship. Teachers faced ethical challenges in a predominantly Muslim environment, including resource scarcity and marginalization. Nonetheless, they embodied tolerance and love, fostering interfaith harmony. Pedagogical practices integrated biblical values with experiential learning, linking honesty, stewardship, and service with daily life. These results affirm the integration of pedagogy and spirituality, though limited by the absence of systematic frameworks. Teachers relied heavily on personal conviction, highlighting the need for structured professional development. A vocational-missional framework emerged, consisting of faith formation, ethical witness, and community engagement. This study underscores that PAK is both pedagogical and missional-forming disciples who embody Christ’s truth and love while promoting peaceful coexistence in plural societies.